How many Madonna albums are a “Response” album?

Having a listen to COADF and it’s no mystery Madonna returned to this sound and audience due to the reaction to American Life. Then it made me think about Hard Candy, allegedly that sound was pushed by the label as whilst COADF was insanely successful, it underperformed by label standards in the US (The Pet Shop Boys initially were invited to collaborate with her on the album before the offer was later rescinded).

In contrast, Music and American Life seemed to be natural progressions from Ray Of Light - though one could argue the earth mother rebrand and sound of Ray Of Light was a response to the backlash Bedtime Stories hadn’t quite healed. Like A Virgin seems like a natural progression album to Debut.

I guess there’s no real way to judge, but interested in your thoughts!